Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability

Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability

CongestionΒ hasΒ grownΒ overΒ Β theΒ pastΒ Β twoΒ Β decadesΒ makingΒ theΒ travelΒ Β timeΒ Β highlyΒ Β unreliable. TheΒ Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),Β USΒ Department ofΒ Transportation (USDOT) indicatedΒ travelΒ timeΒ asΒ anΒ important indexΒ toΒ measureΒ congestion.Β FrequentΒ butΒ stochastic, irregularΒ delaysΒ Β increaseΒ Β theΒ challengeΒ forΒ peopleΒ toΒ planΒ Β theirΒ Β journey – e.g.Β whenΒ toΒ depart fromΒ Β theΒ origin,Β Β whichΒ Β mode(s)Β andΒ Β route(s)Β toΒ useΒ soΒ theΒ on-timeΒ arrivalΒ atΒ theΒ destination canΒ Β beΒ ensured.Β InΒ additionΒ toΒ averageΒ travelΒ Β time,Β Β theΒ Β reliabilityΒ ofΒ travelΒ Β timeΒ Β hasΒ Β been deemedΒ asΒ anΒ indexΒ Β forΒ quantifyingΒ theΒ Β effectsΒ  ofΒ congestion,Β whichΒ Β canΒ beΒ appliedΒ toΒ the areasΒ ofΒ transportation…
Introduction to Applying Vehicular  Networks for Reduced

Introduction to Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced

Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions TheseΒ daysΒ Β theΒ detrimental effectsΒ ofΒ airΒ pollutants andΒ Β concernsΒ aboutΒ Β globalΒ Β warming are beingΒ Β increasinglyΒ reportedΒ byΒ theΒ Β media.Β Β Β InΒ manyΒ Β countries,Β fuelΒ  pricesΒ Β haveΒ Β beenΒ Β rising considerably.Β Β Β InΒ Β westernΒ Canada,Β forΒ Β instance,Β theΒ Β gasolineΒ Β Β priceΒ Β almostΒ Β  doubledΒ from aboutΒ Β 53Β cents/literΒ inΒ Β 1998Β toΒ Β 109Β cents/literΒ inΒ Β 2010Β (Wiebe,Β Β 2011).Β Β Β InΒ  termsΒ Β ofΒ theΒ Β air…