Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability

Introduction to Investigation of Measurement for Travel Time Variability

CongestionĀ hasĀ grownĀ overĀ Ā theĀ pastĀ Ā twoĀ Ā decadesĀ makingĀ theĀ travelĀ Ā timeĀ Ā highlyĀ Ā unreliable. TheĀ Federal Highway Administration (FHWA),Ā USĀ Department ofĀ Transportation (USDOT) indicatedĀ travelĀ timeĀ asĀ anĀ important indexĀ toĀ measureĀ congestion.Ā FrequentĀ butĀ stochastic, irregularĀ delaysĀ Ā increaseĀ Ā theĀ challengeĀ forĀ peopleĀ toĀ planĀ Ā theirĀ Ā journey – e.g.Ā whenĀ toĀ depart fromĀ Ā theĀ origin,Ā Ā whichĀ Ā mode(s)Ā andĀ Ā route(s)Ā toĀ useĀ soĀ theĀ on-timeĀ arrivalĀ atĀ theĀ destination canĀ Ā beĀ ensured.Ā InĀ additionĀ toĀ averageĀ travelĀ Ā time,Ā Ā theĀ Ā reliabilityĀ ofĀ travelĀ Ā timeĀ Ā hasĀ Ā been deemedĀ asĀ anĀ indexĀ Ā forĀ quantifyingĀ theĀ Ā effectsĀ  ofĀ congestion,Ā whichĀ Ā canĀ beĀ appliedĀ toĀ the areasĀ ofĀ transportation…
Introduction to Applying Vehicular  Networks for Reduced

Introduction to Applying Vehicular Networks for Reduced

Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions TheseĀ daysĀ Ā theĀ detrimental effectsĀ ofĀ airĀ pollutants andĀ Ā concernsĀ aboutĀ Ā globalĀ Ā warming are beingĀ Ā increasinglyĀ reportedĀ byĀ theĀ Ā media.Ā Ā Ā InĀ manyĀ Ā countries,Ā fuelĀ  pricesĀ Ā haveĀ Ā beenĀ Ā rising considerably.Ā Ā Ā InĀ Ā westernĀ Canada,Ā forĀ Ā instance,Ā theĀ Ā gasolineĀ Ā Ā priceĀ Ā almostĀ Ā  doubledĀ from aboutĀ Ā 53Ā cents/literĀ inĀ Ā 1998Ā toĀ Ā 109Ā cents/literĀ inĀ Ā 2010Ā (Wiebe,Ā Ā 2011).Ā Ā Ā InĀ  termsĀ Ā ofĀ theĀ Ā air…