Introduction to Accurate Modelling of an Injector for Common Rail Systems

Introduction to Accurate Modelling of an Injector for Common Rail Systems

Itย isย wellย knownย thatย theย injectionย  systemย playsย ย aย leadingย roleย inย achievingย highย dieselย engine performance;ย theย introductionย ofย theย commonย railย fuelย injectionย ย systemย (Boehnerย ย &ย Kumel, 1997;ย Schommersย etย al.,ย 2000;ย Stumppย &ย Ricco,ย 1996)ย representedย aย majorย ย evolutionaryย step thatย ย allowedย theย dieselย ย engineย ย toย reachย ย highย  efficiencyย andย ย lowย emissionsย inย aย wideย ย rangeย ย of loadย conditions. Manyย experimentalย worksย ย showย theย positiveย effectsย ofย splittingย theย injectionย processย ย inย several pilot,ย mainย andย postย injectionsย onย theย reductionย ofย noise,ย sootย andย NOxย emissionย (Badamiย etย al., 2002;ย Bruscaย etย al.,ย 2002;ย Henelinย etย al.,ย 2002;ย Parkย etย al.,ย 2004;ย Schmidย etย al.,ย 2002).ย Inย addition, theย successย ofย engineย ย downsizingย (Beatriceย etย al.,ย 2003)ย andย homogeneousย chargeย ย combustion enginesย (HCCI)ย (Canakciย &ย Reitz,ย 2004;ย Yamaneย &ย Shimamoto,ย 2002)ย is deeplyย connectedย with theย injectionย systemย performanceย andย injectionย strategy. However,ย theย …
Introduction to Effect of injector nozzle holes on diesel engine performance

Introduction to Effect of injector nozzle holes on diesel engine performance

Theย four-strokeย direct-injectionย dieselย ย engineย ย typicalย ย wasย ย measuredย andย ย modeledย byย Bakar etย ย alย ย (2007)ย  usingย ย ย GT-POWERย ย computationalย modelย ย ย andย ย hasย ย exploredย ofย ย dieselย ย engine performanceย effectย ย basedย ย onย ย engineย ย speeds.ย GT-POWERย ย isย theย ย leadingย engineย ย simulation toolย usedย ย byย engineย ย andย ย vehicleย ย makersย andย ย suppliersย andย ย isย suitableย forย analysisย ofย aย wide rangeย ย ofย engineย ย issues.ย ย Theย  detailsย ofย theย ย dieselย ย engineย ย designย varyย ย significantlyย overย ย the engineย ย performanceย andย ย sizeย range.ย ย Inย particular,ย different combustion chamberย geometries andย ย fuelย  injectionย ย characteristicsย areย ย requiredย toย dealย ย effectivelyย ย withย ย majorย ย dieselย ย engine designย ย problemย ย achievingย sufficientlyย rapidย ย fuel-airย ย ย mixingย ย ย ratesย ย  toย ย completeย theย ย fuel- burningย processย ย inย theย timeย …
Introduction to Experimental study of spray generated by a new type of injector with rotary swinging needle

Introduction to Experimental study of spray generated by a new type of injector with rotary swinging needle

Numerousย papersย haveย ย indicatedย thatย  theย present standardย systemsย ofย injectingย ย fuelย directly intoย ย theย  combustionย chamber,ย inย theย  mostย ย economical,ย direct-injectionย dieselย ย engines,ย have reachedย theย limitsย ofย development. Inย orderย toย maintainย theย emissionย ofย toxicย componentsย of exhaustย gasesย withinย theย rangesย defined byย bothย EUROย V andย projectedย EUROย VIย standards, variousย modificationsย toย theย combustionย systemย willย beย necessary.ย Itย isย knownย thatย ย injection throughย aย conventionalย multi-holeย nozzle,ย ย inย combinationย withย ย inducedย swirlย ย inย theย ย airย in theย chamber,ย doesย  notย ensureย thatย ย particulatesย andย ย oxidesย ย ofย nitrogen…
Introduction to Experimental Cells for Diesel Spray Research

Introduction to Experimental Cells for Diesel Spray Research

Theย ย studyย ofย theย ย combustionย processย ย inย ย Dieselย ย enginesย hasย ย beenย ย goingย ย evenย ย deeperย into depthย withย ย theย applicationย ofย newย techniquesย ofย measure andย ย moreย ย rigorousย methodologies. Thisย hasย ย takenย ย intoย ย newย ย expectationsย inย theย  developmentย ofย parametricย studiesย andย ย inย the constructionย ofย toolsย (physicalย modelsย orย experimental setup)ย thatย ย allowย ย theย reproductionย of similarย ย thermodynamicย conditionsย toย theย  onesย ย presentย inย theย ย insideย ย ofย aย cylinderย inย aย real thermal engine,ย ย makingย itย possibleย toย obtainย ย greaterย approximationsย betweenย theย theoretical relationย andย theย experimentalย one. Experimental setup classification…
Introduction to Liquid Sprays Characteristics in Diesel Engines

Introduction to Liquid Sprays Characteristics in Diesel Engines

Forย  decades,ย theย ย processย ofย injectingย ย anย ย activeย ย fluidย ย (dieselย ย fuel)ย ย intoย ย theย ย thermodynamic behaviourย ย ofย ย aย ย workingย ย fluidย ย ย (airย ย orย ย gas)ย ย hasย ย beenย ย ย aย ย priorityย  inย ย theย ย researchย ย ofย ย the phenomenaย thatย ย  occurย ย inย ย combustionย ย systems.ย Dueย ย toย ย technologicalย improvementsย ย itโ€™s possibleย inย presentย timesย ย toย characteriseย theย ย injectionย ย fuelย  processย inย suchย ย conditionsย that matchย ย thoseย ย happeningย whenย ย theย ย engineย ย isย runningย underย standardย conditions,ย henceย ย the purposeย ofย theseย ย studies,ย whichย ย focusย  inย theย  achievementย ofย aย perfectย ย mixtureย betweenย the workingย andย ย activeย fluids;ย  asย aย resultย ย ofย this,ย aย seriesย ofย consequencesย areย triggeredย thatย  lead…
Introduction to Gasoline direct injection

Introduction to Gasoline direct injection

Theย ย basicย ย goalsย ย ofย theย ย automotiveย industry;ย ย aย highย ย power,ย lowย ย specificย ย fuelย ย consumption, lowย emissions,ย lowย noiseย ย andย ย betterย ย driveย ย comfort.ย ย Withย ย increasingย theย vehicleย ย number,ย the roleย ย ofย ย theย ย vehiclesย ย ย inย ย airย ย pollutionย hasย ย beenย ย increasingย ย significantlyย dayย ย byย ย day.ย ย The environmentย ย ย protectionย ย  agenciesย ย ย ย haveย ย ย ย drawnย ย downย ย theย ย ย emissionย ย ย limitsย ย ย ย annually.ย Furthermore,ย continuouslyย increasingย priceย ย ofย theย ย fuelย  necessitatesย improvingย theย ย engine efficiency.ย ย Sinceย  theย ย enginesย withย ย carburetorย doย ย notย ย holdย ย theย ย airย ย fuelย ย ratioย ย closeย ย toย ย the stoichiometricย atย differentย workingย conditions, catalyticย ย converterย cannotย beย usedย ย inย these engines.ย Thereforeย theseย ย enginesย haveย ย highย ย emissionย valuesย ย andย ย lowย  efficiency.ย ย Electronic controlledย Portย Fuelย Injectionย ย (PFI)ย systemsย insteadย ofย fuelย systemย ย withย ย carburetorย haveย beenย usedย ย sinceย ย 1980โ€™s.ย Inย fuelย ย injectionย ย systems,ย inducedย airย ย canย ย beย meteredย preciselyย andย ย the fuelย isย injectedย ย inย theย manifoldย toย airย amount.ย Byย usingย ย theย lambdaย sensorย ย inย exhaustย system, air/fuelย ย ratioย ย …
Introduction to Model-Based Condition and State Monitoring of Large Marine Diesel Engines

Introduction to Model-Based Condition and State Monitoring of Large Marine Diesel Engines

Althoughย theย historyย ofย dieselย enginesย extendsย backย toย theย endย ofย theย nineteenthย centuryย andย inย spite ofย theย predominantย positionย such enginesย nowย hold inย variousย applications,ย theyย areย stillย subjectย ofย intensiveย researchย andย development.ย Economicย pressure,ย safetyย criticalย aspects, compulsoryย onboardย diagnosisย asย wellย asย theย reductionย ofย emissionย limitsย leadย toย continuousย advancesย inย theย developmentย ofย combustionย engines. Conditionย monitoringย andย faultย diagnosisย represent aย valuableย setย ofย methodsย designedย toย ensureย thatย theย engineย staysย inย goodย conditionย duringย itsย lifecycle,ย [7]ย andย [13].ย ย Diagnosisย inย theย contextย ofย dieselย enginesย isย notย newย andย variousย approachesย haveย beenย proposedย inย theย pastย years,ย however,ย recentย technicalย andย computationalย advancesย andย environmentalย legislationย haveย stimulatedย theย developmentย ofย moreย ef๏ฌcientย andย robustย techniques.ย ย  Inย addition,ย theย numberย ofย electronicย componentsย suchย asย sensorsย orย actuatorsย andย the complexity ofย engineย controlย unitsย (ECUs)ย areย steadilyย increasing.ย ย Meanwhile,ย mostย ofย theย softwareย runningย onย theย mainย ECUย isย responsibleย for conditionย monitoringย ofย sensorย signals,ย monitoringย parameterย ranges,ย detectingย short/openย circuits,ย andย verifyingย controlย deviations. However,ย theseย kindsย ofย conditionย monitoringย systemsย (CMS)ย areย notย designedย toย detectย and clearlyย identifyย differentย engineย failures,ย sensorย driftsย andย toย predictย developingย failures,ย i.e.ย toย assesย degradationย ofย certainย componentsย rightย inย time.ย Especiallyย theย reliableย detectionย andย separationย ofย engineย malfunctionsย isย ofย majorย importanceย inย variousย ๏ฌeldsย ofย industryย inย orderย toย predictย andย toย planย maintenanceย intervals. Dieselย enginesย usuallyย consistย ofย aย fuelย injectionย system,ย ย pistons,ย ย rings,ย ย liners,ย ย anย inletย andย exhaustย system,ย heatย exchangers,ย aย lubricationย system,ย bearingsย andย anย ECU.ย Forย theย designย ofย anย ef๏ฌcientย CMSย itย isย essentialย toย knowย asย muchย asย possibleย aboutย theย underlyingย thermodynamicalย processesย andย possibleย faultsย andย malfunctions.ย ย Thisย informationย canย beย seenย asย a-prioriย knowledgeย andย canย beย usedย toย increaseย theย robustnessย ofย faultย detectionย algorithms. Inย theย following,ย commonย dieselย engineย faultsย andย faultย mechanisms,ย andย theirย causesย areย listed.…